I have been reflecting deeply on the topic of inclusive design. As a design professor at a leading research university, I currently teach a course titled “Human Behavior and Designed Environment.” This course explores human factors — how people interact with the built environment — and examines how physiological, psychological and social needs shape interior spaces. Throughout the semester, my students study topics such as personal and social use of space, proxemics, anthropometrics, ergonomics, universal design, and, of course, inclusive design.
As a designer with more than two decades of industry experience, revisiting these foundational topics has been both refreshing and enlightening. We acknowledge the importance of human-centered design, but how often do we truly integrate these principles into our daily practice? Do we consciously consider the diverse physiological and psychological needs of all users? Are we designing for inclusion, or are we unintentionally creating environments that exclude? Are we truly designing for humans?
Neuroscience-Informed Design
My passion for human-centered, science-based design naturally led me to explore neuroaesthetics and the ways in which the built environment influences human experience. As I delved into these topics, neuroinclusion emerged as a critical next step in this discussion.
The discourse around neurodiversity and neuroinclusion is complex, with multiple perspectives. Is neurodiversity a medical diagnosis or a social-political term? Should it be disclosed in workplace settings? What is neuronormativity, and how does it shape societal expectations? Is neurodivergence merely a variation in cognitive functioning, or is it a deviation from an imposed norm?
While I am not a neuroscientist, I propose that we approach neuroinclusion from a broad, human-centered perspective. Regardless of labels, we are all individuals with unique cognitive and sensory preferences. Some people are highly sensitive to bright light, while others barely notice it. Some react strongly to loud noises, while others thrive in bustling environments. Some can detect the faintest scent from across the room, while others remain oblivious. We all have distinct ways of perceiving and interacting with the world and design should reflect that.
Neuroaesthetics and Sensory Design
Despite our differences, humans share fundamental environmental preferences. We gravitate toward nature, natural light and comfort. We enjoy soothing sounds, pleasant aromas and a sense of safety in our surroundings. Neuroaesthetics, the study of how our brains perceive and respond to aesthetic experiences, reinforces the universal benefits of biophilic design and other sensory-conscious strategies.
Neuroaesthetics helps designers understand how sensory stimuli elicit emotional and cognitive responses. In the context of neuroinclusive design, this knowledge allows us to create spaces that evoke positive emotional reactions and accommodate a wide range of sensory needs. By integrating insights from neuroscience, designers can make intentional choices about materials, colors, lighting and spatial configurations to enhance user comfort and minimize sensory stressors.
For example, lighting, acoustics, and textures play a crucial role in shaping user experience. Harsh, bright lighting can cause discomfort and overstimulation, whereas natural or adjustable lighting can create a more adaptable atmosphere. Excessive noise or echo can be distressing, making sound-absorbing materials and quiet zones essential for neuroinclusive design. Tactile considerations, such as offering a variety of textures, can cater to individual sensory preferences and contribute to a more supportive environment.
Choice and Flexibility in Design
Creating neuroinclusive spaces means recognizing diverse sensory sensitivities and providing users with autonomy, control and choice.
According to HOK’s Kay Sargent, “When you design for the extremes and people at the edge, then it benefits everyone.” She emphasizes that all occupants of a built environment are impacted by sensory elements such as lighting, acoustics and temperature. While sensitivities may vary, everyone is affected by their surroundings. By addressing sensory triggers and distractions, we can create workplaces and public spaces that benefit all users.
This principle aligns with the philosophy behind universal design and ADA guidelines. For example, ramps designed for wheelchair accessibility ultimately benefit all users, including parents with strollers, travelers with luggage, and individuals with temporary injuries. Instead of isolating neurodivergent individuals with specialized accommodations, we should strive for inclusive design solutions that enhance the experience for everyone.
Learning from Inclusive Policies
A strong example of inclusive policy comes from higher education. Universities have established structured processes to ensure that all students, regardless of ability, have equitable access to learning. Disability Resource Centers (DRCs) provide accommodations such as extended test time, sensory breaks and alternative testing environments to support neurodivergent students. Faculty members receive training on accessibility and are encouraged to create inclusive learning environments.
What can workplaces learn from these academic policies? Why do so many professional environments fail to offer similar accommodations? Why are neurodivergent employees often expected to suppress their needs instead of being supported? Why aren’t inclusive policies the norm in corporate settings, ensuring that diverse voices are heard and valued?
By incorporating flexible workspaces, sensory-friendly zones and adaptive policies, workplaces can foster inclusivity and empower employees to bring their authentic selves to work.
The Science of Inclusive Design
Diversity in thought and experience is a powerful asset. If we embrace different ways of thinking, we can drive innovation and creativity in unprecedented ways. However, to fully leverage this diversity, we must acknowledge and accommodate the varying needs of individuals.
In the classroom, I encourage my students to design spaces that cater to all users. Yet, I recognize that the design industry has not always followed where the science leads. Understanding the impact of the built environment on human behavior is not a luxury — it is a necessity.
As designers, we have a responsibility to create spaces that are truly inclusive. By integrating human factors, neuroscience and sensory design, we can ensure that the environments we shape enhance well-being, support cognitive diversity and create a more inclusive world for everyone.